All about russia Free Essays

string(68) upheavels prompted the â€Å"era of stagnation† in the 1980s. Each general public on the planet with its embolic forces of concurrence with the nature’s changes and society’s disturbance is consistently progressing towards development and improvement for guaranteeing the upkeep for the age straightaway. This regular element of the Society is its Character by which it is perceived. This Character is additionally controlled by the collaboration of conventional culture, its Land and its social and political inclinations, which since hundreds of years are delving further roots in the awareness of the residents and their scholarly mentality towards life and society. We will compose a custom exposition test on About russia or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now In 989 when St. Vladimir acknowledged Christianity, Russia ventured out to assume control over the legacy of Constantinopole. Again in 1453, when New Rome of Constantinopole had tumbled to Turks, Moscow developed as a â€Å"Third Rome† and the Soviet Union subsequent to taking its own course turned into another union of the rationalization of history and its Duke turned into the â€Å"Tsar of All the Russians†. The historical backdrop of Russia starts with the East Slavs, an ethnic gathering, which was in the long run part into Russia, Ukrainian and Belarusians. This gathering rose up out of the Vikings who were the savage clans and ignorant agnostics enjoyed the movement of assaulting and plundering, however they were innovatively very progressed and had stable authoritative set up. These Vikings entered the Black ocean through the Russian stream frameworks known as â€Å"Varangians† (from their name in Slavic, presently Varyag in Russian), yet when they settled in the territory, they came to be known as Rus. Essential Chronicle even says that, â€Å"These specific Varangians were known as Russes. † (Ross, Successors of Rome: Russia, 862-Present, Grand Princes of Kiev, Para. 1). Kievan Rus was the principal East Salvic express that was changed over to Christianity in 988(Online, Russian Church Architecture) and they carried with it the Cyrillic letters in order, which got genuineness by the Soviet Union alongside the other inconsequential dialects like the Turkish of Central Asia. Poland and the Baltic States brought Latin letters in order trait of Francia and the Jews of Poland composed Yiddish in the Hebrew letter set. What's more, with the progressing time, the little countries of the Caucasus like the Armenians and Georgians began utilizing their own letter sets. (Ross, Successors of Rome: Russia, 862-Present, Introduction, Para. 2) After the thirteenth century, Moscow turned into the immense social community and by eighteenth century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow shaped the colossal Russian Empire, extending from Poland towards the Pacific Ocean. By nineteenth century, improvement in the Western Countries made an inconceivable impact on the Russia, which drove Russian system to clear the path for changes for the general development and advancement. Subsequently, Russian serfdom was abrogated in 1861 yet it end up being unprofitable for the workers that prompted the structure of progressive weights. With the abolishment of Serfdom and the start of World War I in 1914, Russia saw various changes in the economy and legislative issues. The most unmistakable change was the change of Stolypin agrarian changes, which moved the ancient obshchina type of Russian agribusiness towards increasingly dynamic and industrialist arranged type of horticulture, giving private proprietorship rights to the ranchers, second was the First constitution of 1906 which was otherwise called basic laws and was authorized on April 23rd, thirdly there was the foundation of State Duma. A State duma comprised one of the few delegate gatherings of present day Russia. These changes realized various changes in economy and even in the governmental issues of Russia, yet at the same time the despotic standard of the Tsars didn't evaporate totally and the outcome was the Russian Revolution in 1917. There were two upsets in Russia: First Revolution was the ousting of the Tsar and development of the Provisional Government and the other was the October insurgency where Bolsheviks toppled the Provisional Government. The life in Russia during Revolution saw the colossal change and vulnerability. On one hand urban areas and ventures were mushrooming though then again there was incredible degree of vulnerabilities. Provincial populace started to move increasingly more towards the Industrially focused zones, working class of desk representatives, agents, and experts like specialists, legal counselors, educators, writers, engineers, and so on were on the ascent. Aristocrats also were experiencing through various stages, discovering approaches to modify themselves in this evolving economy. Two kinds of classes developed proletarians and business people, who were separated along the lines of status, sexual orientation, age, ethnicity, and conviction. There was rise of various gatherings relocating laborers, specialist savvy people, upper class experts and so on which changed the entire surface of the life of individuals teaching themselves into the universe of realism. This quick industrialization prompted the congestion of the urban regions and poor conditions for urban modern laborers. Another low class was shaped somewhere in the range of 1890 and 1910 because of the expansion in the number of inhabitants in the St Petersburg and Moscow from 1,033,600 to 1,905,600. Hence there was agitation wherever which was the ground enough for the Russian upset to fuel. The Russian transformation brought the alliance of dissidents and moderate communists to control from one perspective and afterward Communist Bolsheviks on the other. Somewhere in the range of 1922 and 1991, there was the start of the new time throughout the entire existence of Russia when Soviet Union appeared, an association that held the foundations of ideological considerations and discernments. The start of the post-Stalinist in 1919’s saw the development of media and mediation of TV and radio projects in its region, which prompted the genuine arousing among the Russians in all the social, political and financial circles. Stalinism with this Marxism and Leninism approach supplanted the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the year 1920 with Five Year Plans of 1928 and aggregate cultivating, which before the finish of 1930 drove the Soviet Union to be risen as the major Industrial force on the planet, however this had unfavorable impact on the laborers because of the aggregate strategy and the abusive proportions of the Government. The suppressions and political, social and affordable upheavels prompted the â€Å"era of stagnation† during the 1980s. You read About russia in class Papers But by the late 1980s, the shortcomings in the financial and political structures drove the Communist chiefs to set out upon the significant changes, bringing about the breakdown of the Soviet Union and the rise of the Russian Federation. By the mid of 1990 when Yeltsin came to control he received most disliked Yegor Gaidar’s stun treatment for stopping the value controls, cutting in state spending, and beginning of the open outside exchange system mid 1992. These changes were the hit to the expectations for everyday comforts of a large portion of its residents, particularly for the gatherings who were getting a charge out of the advantages of Soviet-time state-controlled wages and costs, state sponsorships, and government assistance qualification programs and thusly Russia endured a monetary downturn substantially more extreme than the United States or Germany had experienced six decades sooner during the Great Depression. Then again these financial changes opened the entryways of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, for the biggest and quickest privatization on the planet. The huge ventures were procured by the old supervisors, prompting criminal mafias and Western speculators, and at the base level there was swelling, joblessness, prostitution, and wrongdoing. Duty incomes had fell and Russia’s economy was additionally dove into the Financial emergencies in 1998. Russian Economy again recouped in 1999, because of the expansion on the planet cost of oil and gas. (Wikipedia Encyclopedia, Russian Federation, para. 5) By 2000, Yeltsin gave his abdication, and gave the rules of the administration to the Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin. The entire of the character of the Russian Industry was subject to the joined endeavors from the different circles of economy. Russia didn't depend on the European powers yet jumped towards the improvement on its own endeavors, the different branches gained gigantic ground, which rose with uncommon speed particularly between the principal transformation and the war and made the Russian students of history state, â€Å"We must relinquish the legend of backwardness and moderate development. † When the war was at its pinnacle the tzarist Russia had flourished to extensive degree; with respect to each one hundred square kilometers of land, Russia had, at the hour of war, 0. 4 kilometers of railways, Germany 11. 7, Austria-Hungary 7. (Trotsky, Peculiarities of Russia’s Development, Para. 17). The Financial Institutions had additionally evolved in Russia to actualize the development of Industrial Revolution however the overwhelming ventures, for example, metal, coal and oil were all heavily influenced by outside account capital, which had made helper and middle of the road arrangement of banks in Russia, and it was valid for light businesses moreover. Different countries were holding 40 percent of the stock capital of Russia, however in the main parts of industry this rate was a lot higher. The Russian business even affected the social character of the Russian bourgeoisie and its political physiognomy and the grouping of the ventures implied that there was no chain of importance of transitional layers between the entrepreneur chiefs and the famous masses, yet the responsibility for remote hands prompted un-strength. Every one of these elements alongside the concentrated mistreatments of tzarism drove the Russian laborers towards the progressive considerations. Russia at the attack of the twentieth century had a populace

Organizational Behavior Management Concepts free essay sample

He clarifies various manners by which the need to keep moving and discernment can be changed. One of those ways is to â€Å"Create an emergency by permitting a money related misfortune, presenting administrators to significant shortcomings opposite contenders, or permitting mistakes to explode as opposed to being remedied at the last minute† (P. 44). By breaking down this model we can without much of a stretch perceive how earnestness will be raised and observations change between workers. Representatives begin stressing over their employer stability when a money related emergency is available. They will at that point need to find out about what is important to bring the budgetary dependability once again into the organization.If the issue tended to and applied, it will bring professional stability consequently. By permitting chiefs to be presented to the major authoritative shortcomings their condition of criticalness will increment and the impression of the association will change. This outline adjusts employee’s impression of security and industry initiative, and the desire to move quickly is raised. By and large, a great many people are hesitant to change or comply with their condition whether it be a workplace or something else. There is in every case some level of vulnerability when given change. A need to keep moving permits representatives to see the need and the significance of progress. Criticalness must be made and discernments must be adjusted inside each division of an association all together for an effective beginning to hierarchical change. â€Å"Stage 2, Creating a Guiding Coalition† Kotter’s second step in making change in an association is to make a directing alliance. The measures for making a solid directing alliance would involve discovering individuals who have the experience, uprightness and initiative abilities inside their positions.The employment of the managing alliance is a basic piece where usage is important all together for hierarchical change endeavors to start. The individuals that are driving the endeavors are accountable for making changes that should bring about an increasingly successful association as far as hierarchical quality. This progression can be contrasted with Ivancevich et al. ’s ideas of groups and evolving mentalities. The directing alliance should go about as a synergetic group as portrayed by Ivancevich et al. This group ought to be framed by people who are 100% dedicated and committed towards the objective of hierarchical change.He portrays a viable vision to incorporate attributes, for example, being â€Å"ambitious enough to drive individuals out of agreeable routines†, â€Å"taking favorable position of principal trends† and â€Å"having a specific good power† (P. 79). This idea relates near the objective setting process approach as expressed by Ivancevich et al. Objectives relate straightforwardly to the vision idea. An objective is â€Å"a explicit objective that an individual [organization] is attempting to accomplish; an objective is the objective [vision] of an action† (Ivancevich et al. , 2007, P. 26). Defining a compelling objective (vision) that is clear will rouse representatives to make a move in the associations wanted bearing (Kotter, 1996, P. 68). Setting a difficult yet feasible objective (vision) will spur representatives to work more enthusiastically towards the target. Defining objectives or dreams can be an extremely powerful technique for rousing representatives to move in the direction of the hierarchical change (Ivancevich et al. , 2007, P. 128). Associations that are moving in the direction of progress have benefited from this vision setting approach.A change without a viable vision â€Å"or a consistent arrangement can once in a while move [motivate] the sort of activity expected to create a significant change† (Kotter, 1996, P. 71). â€Å"Stage 4, Communicating the Change Vision† Kotter’s fourth step towards the hierarchical change is conveying the change vision. In this progression Kotter’s fundamental center is to impart the vision through activities however much as could reasonably be expected inside and out. All through this progression Kotter is centered around feelings and how steady correspondence (verbal and non-verbal) can influence the employees’ feelings towards grasping the managing coalitions’ vision.Many ideas found in Ivancevich et al. course book on feelings and correspondence can be contrasted with this progression. This segment will concentrate on the correlation between the fourth stage and Ivancevich et al. ’s correspondence process. â€Å"Communication is one of the fundamental procedures that revives an authoritative structure. † (Ivancevich et al. , 2007, P. 372). This announcement obviously underlines the significance of correspondence. The way where the controlling alliance imparts the vision can either break boundaries or structure more obstructions towards change.The vision ought to be conveyed utilizing straightforward language, â€Å"all language and technobabble must be disposed of. †(Kotter, 1996, P. 90). In dispensing with confounded language from the vision, lucidity is available and the employees’ understanding will increment. Individuals are progressively well-suited to make a move when the message is totally comprehended. On the off chance that there is any trace of disarray, some will request explanations however other won't try to comprehend. The individuals who don’t comprehend may as of now be against change if the vision is made excessively muddled and has all the earmarks of being excessively difficult to grasp.The data wealth and the nonverbal correspondence ideas, emphatically bolsters Kotter’s fourth stage. Vision can be the best when it is transmitted in various structures (Kotter, 1996, P. 93). These ideas legitimately identify with Ivancevich et al. ’s enlightening extravagance, which â€Å"refers to the measure of data that can be transmitted or conveyed in a successful manner† (P. 357). It can appear as formal gatherings, casual vis-à-vis correspondence, updates and e-mails.Communicating the vision through various mediums will make workers mindful of the message and how significant the change is to the association. The nonverbal correspondence of the vision can be critical towards making or creating passionate hindrances (P. 354). Kotter alludes to the nonverbal correspondence as showing others how its done. In the event that the alliance begins to act and live by the new vision, workers will acquire a superior comprehension of the change and make greater believability in the coalition’s activities and convictions. â€Å"Stage 5, Empowering a Broad Base Action† Kotter’s fifth step is on enabling a wide base activity.

The Rule of Two

The Rule of Two We’re all searching for that 25th hour in the day. We’re stressed because we can’t accomplish every task we want to accomplish every single day. As our to-do lists grow, it seems we must be superheroesâ€"or high-functioning sociopathsâ€"to be effective people. I feel the pressure, too. But instead of beating myself up when my life isn’t “complete,” I give myself permission to be satisfied if, twice a week, I’m able to engage in the twelve solo endeavors that are most important to me (in no particular order): Sunlight (one hour) Writing (two hours) Reading (one hour) Sauna (30 minutes) Yoga (30 minutes) Squats (100 reps) Pull-ups (60 reps) Push-ups (200 reps) Cycling (30 minutes) Meditation (20 minutes) Hiking/walking (two hours) Weight training (30 minutes) Some folks might call these endeavours simple self-care rituals, while I simply consider them part of a meaningful life. Although Ill likely never accomplish all these tasks in one day, doing each just a couple times a week gives me 24 opportunities to improve my life every seven days. Moreover, these pastimes make me a better version of myself, especially when I’m around others. Committing to twice a week relieves the pressure of daily expectations, and it has proven far more productive than trying to overdo everything. At under sixteen hours total, self-care occupies less than ten percent of my week, but it makes life immeasurably better during the other 90 percent. I’m curious: What twice-a-week pursuits would improve your life? Let me know on Twitter. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Secretary Of Education Report Charts The Future Of United...

Secretary of Education Recommendation Paper DaWayne D. Nettles Columbia College 2015 The Secretary of Education report charts the future of United States higher education and outlines various recommendations to improve it. As higher education evolves in unexpected ways, this new landscape demands innovation and flexibility from the institutions that serve the nation’s learners. The recommendations mentioned include assess, cost and affordability, financial aid, learning, transparency and accountability, and finally innovation. One of the most significant recommendations that needs to definitely be address is the issue of cost and affordability of higher education. The way higher education is being financed is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. State appropriations are declining; educational cost is rising; and cost per student is increasing faster than inflation or family income. Affordability is directly affected by a financing system that provides limited incentives for colleges and universities to take aggressive steps to improve institutional efficiency and productivity. Public worry about increasing expenses might eventually add to the disintegration of open trust in higher education. Only through reform can confidence in higher education in America be renewed. The Secretary of Education’s report states that America must ensure that our citizens have access to high quality and affordable educational, learning, and training opportunities throughoutShow MoreRelatedListening About Electronic Health Records1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper, I will state the EHR mandate, who started it and when, its goals and objectives. I will explain how is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) connected to the EHR. Furthermore, I will describe my facility’s plan and meaningful use. Finally, I will define Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) laws and what is being done by my facility to prevent HIPAA violation. Description of the Electronic Health Record EHRs are computerized versions of patient’s paper charts. EHRs makes theRead MoreThe United States Education System2631 Words   |  11 PagesThe United States is considered by many to be a world leader who excels in every arena. In education, however, the U.S. has fallen behind other countries in Europe and Asia, such as China, Korea, and Finland. These countries outperform the United States when it comes to education. In order for the United States to continue to compete in the world economy it has to improve its system of education to compete in changing times. 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Copyright  © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. st Chapter Out line INTRODUCTION The Themes of the Book The Police Function: Social Control and the Use of Force Policing Within the Rule of Law: The Challenges of Discretion The Delicate Balance: Crime Control versus Due Process The Levels of Law Enforcement Municipal Agencies County Agencies State Agencies Federal Agencies Department of Justice Department of Homeland Security DepartmentRead MoreImmigration to the United States8027 Words   |  33 Pagespeople tend to stereotype immigrants and group them together into one category. The reality is that some immigrants are here legally and some immigrants are not. What s the difference? (Hint: 1 is legal, the other is not) Legal Immigrants ï‚ § The United States admits between 700,000 to 900,000 legal immigrants each year. ï‚ § Legal immigrants have the proper, legal documentation to live and work in the country. They applied for the appropriate visa. ï‚ § They were accepted for one of the reasons needed toRead MoreMy Internship With Juvenile Probation3214 Words   |  13 Pagesthat was given. Which brought me to the conclusion; all of these youth need our help. Even if they do not take what was provided at that moment in time, you must be there for them once they return to accept it. The youth is the driving force of the future, without the next generation nothing can be done to help our civilization last. I am aware that adults currently in probation need help as well, which they all rightfully deserve. But the youth need more attention, because they are still learningRead MoreCountry Analysis - Japan5097 Words   |  21 Pagescontribution of U.S. was to help develop the Peace Constitution. Japan’s Constitution went into affect on May 3, 1947. The constitution resulted in the emperor losing all political and military power. The emperor to this day is simply a symbol of the state with no forcing power. The constitution also introduced universal suffrage and human rights were assured. After the occupation ended in 1952 Japan established a self defense force. The US-Japan Security Treaty was renewed in 1960 and caused some

The Importance Of Hazards In The Workplace - 1322 Words

Introduction In recent years, the metal and nonmetal (M/NM) mining sector, as categorized by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), experienced an increase in the number of fatalities occurring at mine sites. From 2013 to 2015, 69 mineworkers were fatally injured; that is twice the number of fatalities that occurred in each of the previous two years (MSHA, 2015a). As a way to address this increase, MSHA issued a program policy letter (P15-IV-01) suggesting that â€Å"miners would benefit from rigorous workplace examinations conducted by experienced and trained examiners† (MSHA 2015b). The goal of workplace examinations is to find hazards in the field and mitigate them before they cause injury or death to mineworkers. While it is†¦show more content†¦This is especially true for the mining industry because the environment is dynamic and often unpredictable, and mineworkers perform a variety of tasks in close proximity to heavy machinery (Scharf et al., 2001). It is critic al that all mineworkers are able to identify hazards where they work. Despite the importance of hazard recognition, recent research indicates that a large proportion of hazards go undetected by mineworkers, including mine safety professionals and highly experienced mineworkers (Bahn, 2013; Eiter et al., 2017). Carter and Smith (2006) suggest that, when hazards are not adequately identified, it is impossible for workers and managers to implement effective hazard management strategies. Hazards obviously contribute to workplace risk. Research indicates, though, that different people see the same situation in very different ways (Kahneman, and Tversky, 1982; Binder et al., 2011; Bahn, 2013). Perlman et al. (2014) observed differences in the level of risk that was assessed for construction hazards with the more experienced groups of workers, including superintendents and safety directors, assessing risk levels higher than more inexperienced student volunteers. Understanding risk is essential to safety. According to Hunter (2002), inaccurate riskShow MoreRelatedmiss1624 Words   |  7 Pagespromotion and provision of health and safety in the workplace. 3. Outline the principles and procedures of good housekeeping in the work place 4. Noise, dust and fumes are hazards whish commonly found in the work place for one of these hazards outline the risk associated with the exposure to this hazard and control measures which might be used in the workplace. Identify at least three hazards which are commonly encountered in your workplace and briefly describe how these are controlled. 5. ExplainRead MoreWorkplace Safety : Safety And Safety918 Words   |  4 Pages Organizational Safety Program Safety in the workplace has become a major focus on many organizations due to many accidents and deaths. When employees enter their place of work they expect to work in a safe environment in which they can work with our anything to worry about. As it is known that some workplaces are safer than others. Workplace safety is a priority in for most workplaces that is why employers care about employee’s safety. Workplace safety is a kind of management responsibility inRead MoreWorkplace Health Hazard1710 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Workplace health hazard is an area concerning the protection of the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in a workplace. The goal of workplace health hazards programs is to create a safe and healthy work environment. The definition of health hazard is very subjective as it is different to different people or companies. Health hazards cause noticeable changes in the body, such as a decrease in health. These cause changes in signs and symptoms that are exposed in employeesRead MoreApplication Process For Managing Risk, Compliance Risk At The Workplace1706 Words   |  7 Pages4. Identify and provide the resources to introduce and sustain participation. WHS Policy Guide How to respond will be auctioned. †¢ Communicating with the workplace, the importance of providing an efficient mechanism for managing risk, compliance risk in the workplace. - Discussing Web issues. - To listen to the concerns and skills. - To my mind, your role. - Find information and share views. - Triggered à ¹Æ'a appropriate. - Consider what is to be decided. - Attend scheduled. †¢ The application processRead MoreThe Inspection Of An Automobile Workshop At A1111717 Words   |  7 PagesA111 was performed on January 28, 2017 at 1335hrs. The objective of the inspection was: 1. To identify actual/potential hazards in the work area. 2. Observe the students as they performed work in the automotive shop. 3. To recommend corrective actions based on the inspection/observation. 4. To recommend potential revisions to the inspection checklist to enhance/improve the hazard control program. 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In the several researches conducted in the past, several causes have been identified for the accidents that occur on the construct sites which include the involvement of management, workplace, workers, equipment and other construction related factors. It is vital to understand their responsibilities by construction professionals like

The Preventing Workplace Discrimination Free Essays

a. People with disabilities or drug abuse problems can be accommodated in several ways. It is especially important to accommodate those with disabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Preventing Workplace Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physical workplace setup can for example be arranged in such a way to be more accessible to the blind or wheelchair bound. Those with hearing disabilities can be accommodated by providing interpreters during meetings or interactions with the rest of the workplace staff. In terms of drug abuse, programs and workshops focusing on the problem, its consequences and its management can be offered. If not voluntary, such persons can be forced to attend under threat of losing their jobs. b. Personality, attitude toward work, and future upward mobility are very important considerations for hiring future employees. In terms of the first, it is important to consider whether the employee will be better suitable for teamwork or individual tasks, for example. The personality in this case will determine which requirements the employee will be best suited for, and must be aligned with the requirements of the job being applied for. Attitude towards work is probably the most important consideration. An employee with a positive attitude is much more valuable and more likely to succeed in any job situation than one with a negative attitude. Upward mobility is a consideration that will carry particular weight according to the nature of the job being applied for. An employee that is upwardly mobile will probably be more motivated to perform well than one who is not. c. I believe that Title VII can and will override the employment environment and conditions in a written employment contract. The reason for this is that an employee signing a contract may be unaware of the current legislation regarding such conditions. An employee’s willingness to work under certain conditions does not change the law regarding these conditions. It is the job of the employer to educate him- or herself regarding the newest legislation, and complying with this. Non-compliance can result in legal problems and a negative public image for the company. How to cite The Preventing Workplace Discrimination, Essay examples

Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Academic Performance in College Undergraduates free essay sample

In this study we are interested in assessing the relationship between average amount of caffeine consumed per day and academic performance. We hypothesized that an increase in average caffeine consumed per day would result in increased academic success. A short survey was composed based on average amount of caffeine consumed per day measured in milligrams and academic performance measured by GPA. This survey was administered through Survey Gizmo to Dr. Pleskac’s PSY 395 class, and a total of 59 participants completed the survey. Overall, there was a slight, negative correlation between amount of caffeine consumed per day on average and academic performance. Increases in caffeine consumed on average were negatively correlated with academic performance. From the results of our findings we are unable to provide strong support for our hypothesis that an increased amount of caffeine consumption will lead to increased academic success. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Academic Performance in College Students  Caffeine is the most widely used drug in the world and its usage results in dependency among many users. There are benefits to caffeine as it may have positive effects on learning, but there are also negative effects on physical health. It is well known that many college students ingest caffeine prior to studying, writing papers, and taking exams. Caffeine is known to increase alertness, improve mood, and enhance cognitive performance. Increased alertness and concentration allows for easier retention and understanding of material, and can result in increased academic success. This information leads a person to wonder, is academic performance related to amount of caffeine consumption? A study of caffeine consumption and its association with psychological functioning in college students by Anderson (2009) showed that almost 80% of the subjects studied were regular caffeine consumers, and that most fell into the dependency category after trying to limit caffeine consumption. The majority of college students consume caffeine regularly to assist in academic performance. Another study on caffeine consumption by college undergraduates by Loke (1988) found that students drank more than their daily consumption of caffeinated beverages when preparing for an examination. This suggests that caffeine may have some beneficial effects on learning. One final study based on caffeine consumption as a predictor of sleep quality by Harris (2009) found that sleep quality plays a large role in academic success, and that caffeine intake is a positive predictor of sleep disturbances. It was found that students ingest caffeine to improve academic performance, but this results in poor sleep quality and more ingestion of caffeine to curtail sleepiness. This shows that caffeine as well as sleep quality play a role in learning and academic performance, and that caffeine may not always have positive effects for students hoping to improve academic performance. The research on the effects of caffeine stated above leads a person to wonder if caffeine is really beneficial for college students hoping to increase alertness and enhance cognitive performance. From the research above, it seems that consumption of caffeine before engaging in academic related tasks has beneficial effects for students, such as increased focus. I predict that increased caffeine consumption will have beneficial effects on learning and will result in increased academic success. Method For our study we composed a short survey with questions based on amount of caffeine consumed on average and overall academic performance based on grade point average (GPA). By asking questions on amount of caffeine consumed on average per day and GPA we are able to determine if there is a correlation between amount of caffeine consumed on average and academic performance. A chart was provided which enabled participants to observe the average amounts of caffeine in each of the four categories and calculate their own average amount of caffeine consumed per day. Our survey was then sent to our fellow classmates, which are undergraduate students taking Dr. Pleskac’s PSY 395 course entitled Research Methods and Design. Participants We estimate that our survey was sent to approximately 200 students, and 59 completed our survey. The participants are estimated to be between the ages of 18 and 22. It is expected that since the survey was administered to a psychology class and that females make up the majority of the major, the majority of the respondents of our survey will then be female. The participants of our survey are mostly comprised of Michigan State University undergraduate psychology majors. Since this is a higher-level class with prerequisites, the majority of are respondents are most likely in their junior and senior years of college. Apparatus/Materials The materials used in this study were a survey that we composed and administered by using Survey Gizmo. The operational definition of caffeine will include energy drinks, coffee, soda, and energy shots such as 5-Hour Energy. We chose nine questions for our survey that we felt were important in determining our results. Procedure After composing our survey on Survey Gizmo, it was sent to approximately 200 students in Dr. Pleskac’s PSY 395 Research Methods and Design class. We operationally defined caffeine as energy drinks, coffee, soda, and energy shots such as 5-Hour Energy. The predictor variable in our study is caffeine and the criterion variable is grade point average. The psychological construct we are using is GPA, which will measure motivation towards school related tasks. These measures will be reliable and valid because our survey is a self-report which includes the same questions for each participant completing the survey, and the results will indicate whether or not caffeine consumption is related to academic success. We ensured that we didn’t collect data from participants multiple times by requesting the last four digits of students APID. We also only asked questions in our survey that were necessary for the analysis of our results. The first section of our survey includes an informed consent. By pressing continue to move on to the next section of the survey, participants were aware that they have given their consent to participate. Participants are then taken to a short, nine question survey based on their average caffeine consumption and current academic performance. This survey should have taken no longer than five minutes to complete. Participants do not receive any compensation for completing the survey. Results The purpose of our analysis was to determine if a relationship exists between caffeine consumption and academic performance. If on average students consume large amounts of caffeine and have a high grade point average, we can conclude that academic performance is related to caffeine consumption. If on average students consume a low amount of caffeine and have a high grade point average or vice versa, we can conclude that there is no correlation between academic performance and caffeine consumption. The results of our analysis can be found in Graph 1, which shows the average amount of caffeine consumed per day and participant’s GPA. Based on our results we found that 59 participants completed our survey. The average GPA was 3. 15 and the average amount of caffeine consumed per day was 218. 92 mg. The standard deviation of GPA was . 789 and the standard deviation of caffeine was 254. 096. A Pearson Correlation was computed to assess the relationship between average caffeine consumed and academic performance. There was a slight, negative correlation between the two variables, r=-. 143, n=59, p=. 281. A graph summarizes the results (Graph 1). Overall, there was a slight, negative correlation between amount of caffeine consumed per day on average and academic performance. Increases in caffeine consumed on average were negatively correlated with academic performance. Discussion From the results of our findings we are unable to provide strong support for our hypothesis that an increased amount of caffeine consumption will lead to increased academic success. A correlation of -. 143 is neither positive nor strong which doesn’t allow support of our original hypothesis. Previous studies such as Anderson (2009) and Loke (1988) showed a correlation between increased caffeine consumption prior to studying, examinations, or writing papers, but none of the studies addressed if this actually improved academic performance. While there may be some beneficial effects of caffeine consumption, such as increased alertness and concentration, we can not conclude that caffeine consumption and academic performance are strongly correlated. One difficult aspect of our study is that amount of caffeine consumed on average per day might vary significantly among students, and they may have a difficulty reporting how much caffeine they consume on our survey. Other limitations are that students may consume caffeine from a source that is not listed on our survey, they may have difficulty converting their amount of caffeine consumed on average into milligrams using the table we provided, or a source of caffeine they ingest may have significantly higher or lower amounts of caffeine than the averages of the table we provided. For future studies it may be beneficial to have students maintain a record of caffeine consumption on average per day, which will allow precise measures of caffeine intake as opposed to a rough estimate. It also may be beneficial to have students report what kind of work load they have, such as homework, exams, or papers, to determine if the amount of work a student has impacts their average amount of caffeine consumed. One final suggestion would be to eliminate participants who have caffeine allergies or sensitivities, as they can skew results. The results of our study are important because they allow for the determination of the relationship between caffeine consumption and academic performance. Caffeine is the most widely used drug, so it is beneficial to analyze whether it has positive or negative impacts on academic performance. These findings also provide changes and directions for future research.